Understanding Oral Cancer: Types, Symptoms, and Early Detection
Overview of Oral Cancer
Oral cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the mouth, which may spread to nearby tissues. This type of cancer can develop in any part of the oral cavity, including the gums, tongue, lips and the roof or floor of the mouth.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), oral cancer accounts for about 2-4% of all cancers worldwide. In India, oral cancer is one of the most common cancers, accounting for 30-40% of all cancer cases.
Several factors increase the risk of developing oral cancer, including:
tobacco use
excessive alcohol consumption
poor oral hygiene
exposure to the HPV virus
“In our experience, regular screenings, even for asymptomatic individuals, have been pivotal in identifying early-stage oral cancers,” says Dr. Sandeep Nayak. “Awareness campaigns and proactive healthcare play a critical role in reducing the disease burden.”
Dr. Sandeep Nayak and his expert team are dedicated to delivering the highest-quality care for patients battling oral cancer. His team comprises skilled specialists like Dr. Athira Ramakrishnan, a competent head and neck surgeon, Dr. Abhilasha Sadhoo, an expert in ENT and head and neck oncology and Dr. Ameenuddin Khan, a seasoned gastrointestinal surgeon specializing in advanced laparoscopic oncology surgeries. Together, they focus on innovative treatment methods and personalized care to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients.
Need Assistance?
If you’re noticing changes in your mouth or throat, don’t delay. Consult a seasoned expert to discuss your symptoms and possible next steps.
Verrucous Lesion
A verrucous lesion is a slow-growing, wart-like growth commonly appearing in the oral cavity, including the gums, tongue, and cheeks. It is typically benign and characterized by a rough, raised surface that can be white, grey, or flesh-coloured.
While often painless, these lesions may cause discomfort if they interfere with chewing or speaking. Prolonged irritation from habits like tobacco use can increase the risk of the lesion becoming malignant, making early diagnosis and treatment essential.
The diagnosis of oral verrucous lesions is typically confirmed through a physical examination and a biopsy. In a biopsy, a small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to determine if the lesion is benign or cancerous.
Treatment usually involves surgical excision to remove the lesion. In some cases, alternative options like cryotherapy or laser therapy may be considered for a less invasive approach. Regular follow-up is crucial to monitor for recurrence, and maintaining good oral hygiene while avoiding irritants like tobacco can help prevent future lesions.
Dr. Athira Ramakrishnan emphasizes, “Timely intervention for verrucous lesions is key to preventing progression into malignancy. Patients should avoid delaying consultation for persistent oral lesions.”
Carcinoma (Including Squamous Cell Carcinoma – SCC)
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells lining the surfaces of organs, glands, or tissues. In the oral cavity, the most common type is Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), which accounts for over 90% of oral cancers. These cancers can occur on the tongue, gums, floor of the mouth, or inner cheeks.
Risk factors for carcinoma include:
tobacco use
excessive alcohol intake
Prolonged exposure to irritants
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
Early symptoms may include persistent sores, lumps, white or red patches, pain, and difficulty swallowing. If left untreated, carcinoma can invade deeper tissues, spreading to lymph nodes and distant organs.
Diagnosis involves:
Physical examination
Imaging studies (like CT or MRI)
Biopsy to confirm malignancy and stage of the cancer
Treatment options depend on the tumor’s size, location, and stage. Early-stage carcinomas are often treated with surgical removal or radiation therapy. Advanced cases may require a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy have shown promising outcomes in some cases, especially in advanced or recurrent carcinomas.
Regular follow-ups and lifestyle changes, like quitting tobacco, are crucial for prevention and long-term recovery. Early detection significantly improves survival rates and quality of life.
“We’ve seen exceptional results with combined therapy approaches for advanced SCC cases,” shares Dr. Abhilasha Sadhoo. “Customized treatment plans tailored to the patient’s condition are integral to improving outcomes.”
Minor Salivary Gland Tumors
Minor salivary gland tumors are rare growths from small salivary glands that spread throughout the mouth and throat, including the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue. These tumors can be benign or malignant, with common types including pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Symptoms often depend on the tumor’s location and nature but may include a painless lump, swelling, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, pain, or numbness in the affected area. While benign tumors grow slowly, malignant ones may be more aggressive and require prompt medical attention.
Diagnosis involves:
A physical examination.
Imaging studies like CT or MRI scans.
A biopsy to confirm the type and extent of the tumor.
Treatment typically includes surgical removal, which may be followed by radiation therapy for malignant or high-risk cases to reduce the chance of recurrence. In benign cases, monitoring may suffice if the tumor is small and asymptomatic. Regular follow-ups are crucial to detect any recurrence or complications post-treatment.
“Effective management of salivary gland tumors requires a precise approach to minimize complications and ensure complete removal of malignant growths,” states Dr. Ameenuddin Khan.
Need Assistance?
If you notice any lumps or swelling in your mouth, seek an expert opinion. Reach out to a specialist for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment options.
Warning Signs of Oral Cancer
Soreness or Pain in the Mouth or Throat: Persistent pain, tenderness, or discomfort.
Persistent Mouth Sores or Ulcers: Sores that don’t heal within two to three weeks.
Painful Swallowing (Dysphagia): Difficulty or pain while swallowing food or liquids.
Lumps or Bumps in the Mouth or Neck: Swelling, lumps, or thickening in the gums, cheeks, or neck.
Lumps or Bumps in the Mouth or Neck: Swelling, lumps, or thickening in the gums, cheeks, or neck.
Unexplained Bleeding: Bleeding from the mouth or throat without a clear cause.
Changes in the Voice: Hoarseness or a change in voice that lasts for more than two weeks.
Numbness or Pain in the Jaw or Tongue: Persistent numbness or pain in the mouth, jaw, or tongue.
White or Red Patches: Unexplained white or red patches inside the mouth, lips, or tongue.
Loose Teeth or Dentures Not Fitting: Sudden loosening of teeth or changes in how dentures fit.
Difficulty Moving the Jaw or Tongue: Limited mouth or tongue movement.
Persistent Bad Breath (Halitosis): Chronic bad breath that doesn’t go away with brushing.
Conclusion
Oral cancer, while serious, can be treated effectively with early diagnosis and the right treatment plan. Advances in surgical techniques and treatment modalities have significantly improved patient outcomes. Understanding the symptoms, types, and risks associated with oral cancer can help individuals make informed decisions about their health. Regular screenings and timely intervention are essential to improving survival rates.
Need Assistance?
Are you concerned about your oral health? Don’t wait for symptoms to worsen. Get in touch with an experienced professional to ensure a timely diagnosis and treatment plan.
Support
At MACS Clinic, we provide comprehensive care and tailored treatment plans for oral cancer patients. Our team understands the challenges of an oral cancer diagnosis and supports patients throughout their journey from diagnosis to recovery. Along with advanced treatments, we offer resources for patients and families, including guidance from skilled oncologists, counsellors, and support staff.
With early detection, expert care, and compassionate support, we aim to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for oral cancer patients. If you or a loved one is facing an oral cancer diagnosis, team MACS is here to provide the highest level of care and support every step of the way.
FAQs
1. What are the early signs of oral cancer?
Early signs include persistent mouth sores, white or red patches, and difficulty swallowing or speaking.